Select a community to browse its collections.

• Annual General Body Meeting- Presidential Addresses [44]
  • 1955 - Jawaharlal Nehru ( जवाहर लाल नेहरू ) [1]
  • 1956 - Jawaharlal Nehru ( जवाहर लाल नेहरू ) [1]
  • 1957 - Jawaharlal Nehru ( जवाहर लाल नेहरू ) [1]
  • 1958 - Jawaharlal Nehru ( जवाहर लाल नेहरू ) [1]
  • 1959 - Jawaharlal Nehru ( जवाहर लाल नेहरू ) [1]
  • 1960 - Jawaharlal Nehru ( जवाहर लाल नेहरू ) [1]
  • 1961 - Jawaharlal Nehru ( जवाहर लाल नेहरू ) [1]
  • 1962 - Jawaharlal Nehru ( जवाहर लाल नेहरू ) [1]
  • 1963 - Jawaharlal Nehru ( जवाहर लाल नेहरू ) [1]
  • 1964 - Lal Bahadur Shastri ( लाल बहादुर शास्त्री ) [1]
  • 1966 - Gulzarilal Nanda ( गुलजारीलाल नंदा ) [1]
  • 1969 - Yeshwanthrao Balwantrao Chavan ( यशवंतराव चव्हाण ) [1]
  • 1971 - Indira Gandhi ( इंदिरा गांधी ) [1]
  • 1974 - Gopal Swarup Pathak ( गोपाल स्वरूप पाठक ) [1]
  • 1975 - Basappa Danappa Jatti ( बासप्पा दनप्पा जत्ती ) [1]
  • 1976 - Basappa Danappa Jatti ( बासप्पा दनप्पा जत्ती ) [1]
  • 1977 - Basappa Danappa Jatti ( बासप्पा दनप्पा जत्ती ) [1]
  • 1978 - Basappa Danappa Jatti ( बासप्पा दनप्पा जत्ती ) [1]
  • 1980 - Mohammad Hidayatullah ( मुहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह ) [1]
  • 1981 - Mohammad Hidayatullah ( मुहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह ) [1]
  • 1982 - Mohammad Hidayatullah ( मुहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह ) [1]
  • 1983 - Mohammad Hidayatullah ( मुहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह ) [1]
  • 1985 - Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( रामस्वामी वेंकटरमण ) [1]
  • 1986 - Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( रामस्वामी वेंकटरमण ) [1]
  • 1988 - Shankar Dayal Sharma ( शंकरदयाल शर्मा ) [1]
  • 1989 - Shankar Dayal Sharma ( शंकरदयाल शर्मा ) [1]
  • 1990 - Shankar Dayal Sharma ( शंकरदयाल शर्मा ) [1]
  • 1991 - Shankar Dayal Sharma ( शंकरदयाल शर्मा ) [1]
  • 1992 - Kocheril Raman Narayana ( कोशेर रमन नारायण ) [1]
  • 1995 - Kocheril Raman Narayana ( कोशेर रमन नारायण ) [1]
  • 1997 - Krishan Kant ( कृष्ण कांत ) [1]
  • 1999 - Krishan Kant ( कृष्ण कांत ) [1]
  • 2001 - Krishan Kant ( कृष्ण कांत ) [1]
  • 2002 - Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( भैरोंसिंह शेखावत ) [1]
  • 2003 - Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( भैरोंसिंह शेखावत ) [1]
  • 2004 - Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( भैरोंसिंह शेखावत ) [1]
  • 2005 - Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( भैरोंसिंह शेखावत ) [1]
  • 2006 - Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( भैरोंसिंह शेखावत ) [1]
  • 2010 - Mohammad Hamid Ansari ( मोहम्मद हामिद अंसारी ) [1]
  • 2017 - Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu ( मुप्पावारापु वेंकैया नायडु ) [1]
  • 2018 - Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu ( मुप्पावारापु वेंकैया नायडु ) [1]
  • 2019 - Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu ( मुप्पावारापु वेंकैया नायडु ) [1]
  • 2020 - Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu ( मुप्पावारापु वेंकैया नायडु ) [1]
  • 2021 - Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu ( मुप्पावारापु वेंकैया नायडु ) [1]
• Chairman and Director's Publications [30]
  • Chairman [25]
    • Chaturvedi, T.N. [25]
      • Articles [5]
      • Books [20]
  • Director [5]
    • 1. Tripathi, Surendra Nath [0]
      • Articles [0]
      • Books [0]
    • 2. Chatterjee, T. [3]
      • Articles [3]
      • Books [0]
    • 3. Hooja, Rakesh [2]
      • Articles [2]
      • Books [0]
• Distinguished Visitor's List [1]
  • Distinguished Visitors [1]
• E-Books/Articles [89]
  • Articles [1]
    • Defence Studies [1]
      • Journal of Indian Ocean Studies [1]
        • Vol. No. 01, 1993 [1]
        • Vol. No. 02, 1994 [0]
        • Vol. No. 17, 2009 [0]
        • Vol. No. 18, 2010 [0]
        • Vol. No. 19, 2011 [0]
        • Vol. No. 20, 2012 [0]
        • Vol. No. 01, 1993 [0]
  • E-Books [88]
    • Defence Studies [82]
    • Economic Development [1]
    • Public Enterprises [5]
• Faculty Publications [706]
  • 01. Jitendra Singh [0]
  • 02. Tripathi, Surendra Nath [1]
    • Articles [1]
    • Books [0]
  • 03. Misra, Suresh [106]
    • Articles [85]
    • Books [21]
  • 04. Reddy, Chavva Sheela [59]
    • Articles [56]
    • Books [3]
  • 05. Sharma, V. K. [39]
    • Articles [31]
    • Books [8]
  • 06. Pandey, K.K. [27]
    • Articles [26]
    • Books [1]
  • 07. Nataraj, Geethanjali [25]
    • Articles [24]
    • Books [1]
  • 08. Vishandass, Ashok Kumar [4]
    • Articles [4]
    • Books [0]
  • 09. Bhattacharjee, Govind [135]
    • Articles [134]
    • Books [1]
  • 10. Alok, V. N. [46]
    • Articles [39]
    • Books [7]
  • 11. Lata, Kusum [3]
    • Articles [2]
    • Books [1]
  • 12. Malhotra, Charru [23]
    • Articles [23]
    • Books [0]
  • 13. Chowdhry, Sachin [6]
    • Articles [3]
    • Books [3]
  • 14. Jain, Neetu [35]
    • Articles [34]
    • Books [1]
  • 15. Bihari, Saket [6]
    • Articles [6]
    • Books [0]
  • 16. Debnath, Roma [27]
    • Articles [26]
    • Books [1]
  • 17. Tiwari, Nupur [21]
    • Articles [16]
    • Books [5]
  • 18. Chadah, Sapna [21]
    • Articles [12]
    • Books [9]
  • 19. Dwivedi, Manan [24]
    • Articles [20]
    • Books [4]
  • 20. Singh, Shyamli [14]
    • Articles [13]
    • Books [1]
  • 21. Pathania, Mamta [11]
    • Articles [7]
    • Books [4]
  • 22. Mohapatra, Gadadhara [21]
    • Articles [19]
    • Books [2]
  • 23. Taneja, P. K. [23]
    • Articles [20]
    • Books [3]
  • 24. Singh, Amit Kumar [3]
    • Articles [3]
    • Books [0]
  • 25. Sarkar, Anupam [0]
  • 26. Pandey, Surabhi [12]
    • Articles [12]
  • Yadav, Sushma [12]
    • Articles [4]
    • Books [8]
• IIPA Videos [1]
  • Videos [1]
• Library Services [11]
  • Article Alert [7]
  • Book Alert [3]
  • Book Summaries [1]
• Newspaper Clippings [2]
  • Article 370 [1]
  • M. K. Gandhi [1]
• Public Lectures [31]
  • 1956 - Lyndall F. Urwick [1]
  • 1957 - Arch Dotson [1]
  • 1957 - Bert F. Hoselitz [1]
  • 1957 - H.M. Patel [1]
  • 1957 - Harlan Cleveland [1]
  • 1958 - Quincy Wright [1]
  • 1960 - Charles S. Ascher [1]
  • 1960 - W. A. Robson [1]
  • 1961 - E De Vries [1]
  • 1961 - J. Tinbergen [1]
  • 1961 - Jayaprakash Narayan [1]
  • 1961 - John K. Galbraith [1]
  • 1961 - V. K. Narasimhan [1]
  • 1962 - A. H. Hanson [1]
  • 1962 - Daniel Lerner [1]
  • 1962 - Henry Self [1]
  • 1962 - Jay B. Westcott [1]
  • 1962 - W. Friedmann [1]
  • 1962 - Wallace S. Sayre [1]
  • 1963 - C. S. Venkatachar [1]
  • 1963 - Donald C Stone [1]
  • 1963 - R. S. Milne [1]
  • 1964 - Leslie Palmier [1]
  • 1964 - Marcello Boldrini [1]
  • 1964 - S.G. Barve [1]
  • 1971 - Gunnar Heckscher [1]
  • 1971 - Ursula Hicks [1]
  • 1983 - W. H. Morris-Jones [1]
  • 1984 - P. V. Narasimha Rao [1]
  • 1986 - L.K. Jha [1]
  • 1995 - L.M. Singhvi [1]
• Rare Books [100]
  • Rare Books [100]
• Reports [43]
  • Annual Reports [37]
    • 1954-55 1st Annual Report [1]
    • 1955-56 2nd Annual Report [1]
    • 1956-57 3rd Annual Report [1]
    • 1957-58 4th Annual Report [1]
    • 1958-59 5th Annual Report [1]
    • 1959-60 6th Annual Report [1]
    • 1960-61 7th Annual Report [1]
    • 1961-62 8th Annual Report [1]
    • 1962-63 9th Annual Report [1]
    • 1963-64 10th Annual Report [1]
    • 1964-65 11th Annual Report [1]
    • 1966-67 13th Annual Report [1]
    • 1967-68 14th Annual Report [1]
    • 1968-69 15th Annual Report [1]
    • 1969-70 16th Annual Report [1]
    • 1971-72 18th Annual Report [1]
    • 1975-76 22nd Annual Report [1]
    • 1976-77 23rd Annual Report [1]
    • 1978-79 25th Annual Report [1]
    • 1981-82 28th Annual Report [1]
    • 1982-83 29th Annual Report [1]
    • 1983-84 30th Annual Report [1]
    • 1984-85 31st Annual Report [1]
    • 1985-86 32nd Annual Report [1]
    • 1989-90 36th Annual Report [1]
    • 1991-92 38th Annual Report [1]
    • 1992-93 39th Annual Report [1]
    • 1998-99 45th Annual Report [1]
    • 2001-02 48th Annual Report [1]
    • 2003-04 50th Annual Report [1]
    • 2007-08 54th Annual Report [1]
    • 2012-13 59th Annual Report [1]
    • 2015-16 62nd Annual Report [1]
    • 2016-17 63rd Annual Report [1]
    • 2017-18 64th Annual Report [1]
    • 2018-19 65th Annual Report [1]
    • 2019- 20 66th Annual Report [1]
  • Special Reports [6]
    • India Governance Report 2012  [1]
    • Public administration in india  [1]
    • Re-Examination of india's administrative system with special reference to administration of goverment industrial and commercial enterprises [1]
    • Report of Evaluation Committee [1]
    • Report on public administration  [1]
    • Report on reorganisation of the machinery of Government [1]
• Research Projects [589]
  • Research Project Reports (Full Text) [138]
    • April 1999 -- March 2000 [4]
    • April 2000 -- March 2001 [3]
    • April 2001 -- March 2002 [12]
    • April 2002 -- March 2003 [10]
    • April 2003 -- March 2004 [7]
    • April 2004 -- March 2005 [5]
    • April 2005 -- March 2006 [3]
    • April 2006 -- March 2007 [1]
    • April 2007 -- March 2008 [6]
    • April 2008 -- March 2009 [1]
    • April 2009 -- March 2010 [2]
    • April 2010 -- March 2011 [2]
    • April 2011 -- March 2012 [1]
    • April 2012 -- March 2013 [1]
    • April 2013 -- March 2014 [2]
    • April 2014-- March 2015 [2]
    • April 2015 -- March 2016 [0]
    • April 2017 -- March 2018 [2]
    • April 2018 -- March 2019 [1]
    • April 2019 -- March 2020 [15]
    • April 2020 -- March 2021 [35]
    • April 2021 -- March 2022 [13]
    • April 2022 -- March 2023 [10]
  • Research Projects Completed [390]
    • April 1981 -- March 1982 [2]
    • April 1982 -- March 1983 [11]
    • April 1983 -- March 1984 [14]
    • April 1984 -- March 1985 [8]
    • April 1985 -- March 1986 [8]
    • April 1986 -- March 1987 [12]
    • April 1987 -- March 1988 [11]
    • April 1988 -- March 1989 [4]
    • April 1989 -- March 1990 [9]
    • April 1990 -- March 1991 [5]
    • April 1991 -- March 1992 [7]
    • April 1992 -- March 1993 [7]
    • April 1993 -- March 1994 [7]
    • April 1994 -- March 1995 [13]
    • April 1995 -- March 1996 [12]
    • April 1996 -- March 1997 [9]
    • April 1997 -- March 1998 [5]
    • April 1998 -- March 1999 [12]
    • April 1999 -- March 2000 [11]
    • April 2000 -- March 2001 [15]
    • April 2001 -- March 2002 [7]
    • April 2002 -- March 2003 [9]
    • April 2003 -- March 2004 [8]
    • April 2004 -- March 2005 [7]
    • April 2005 -- March 2006 [4]
    • April 2006 -- March 2007 [6]
    • April 2007 -- March 2008 [13]
    • April 2008 -- March 2009 [4]
    • April 2009 -- March 2010 [4]
    • April 2010 -- March 2011 [14]
    • April 2011 -- March 2012 [11]
    • April 2012 -- March 2013 [18]
    • April 2013 – March 2014 [16]
    • April 2014 - March 2015 [30]
    • April 2015 - March 2016 [4]
    • April 2016-March 2017 [19]
    • April 2017-March 2018 [6]
    • April 2018-March 2019 [8]
    • April 2019-March 2020 [20]
  • Research Projects in Progress [61]
    • Research Projects in Progress [61]
• Thematic and Working Papers [66]
  • 1957 - Indian Institute of Public Administration ( भारतीय लोक प्रशासन संस्थान ) [1]
  • 1958 - Indian Institute of Public Administration ( भारतीय लोक प्रशासन संस्थान ) [1]
  • 1959 - Indian Institute of Public Administration ( भारतीय लोक प्रशासन संस्थान ) [1]
  • 1960 - Indian Institute of Public Administration ( भारतीय लोक प्रशासन संस्थान ) [1]
  • 1961 - Indian Institute of Public Administration ( भारतीय लोक प्रशासन संस्थान ) [1]
  • 1962 - A.P. Barnabas ( ए.पी. बरनबास ) [1]
  • 1963 - Indian Institute of Public Administration ( भारतीय लोक प्रशासन संस्थान ) [1]
  • 1964 - Indian Institute of Public Administration ( भारतीय लोक प्रशासन संस्थान ) [1]
  • 1965 - S.K. Goyal and others ( एस.के. गोयल व अन्य) [1]
  • 1966 - S.K. Goyal and others ( एस.के. गोयल व अन्य) [1]
  • 1967 - N. Srinivasan ( एन. श्रीनिवासन ) [1]
  • 1968 - Indian Institute of Public Administration ( भारतीय लोक प्रशासन संस्थान ) [1]
  • 1969 - H.K. Paranjape ( एच.के. परांजपे ) [1]
  • 1970 - B.S. Narula ( बी.एस. नरूला ) [1]
  • 1971 - S.K. Goyal ( एस.के. गोयल ) [1]
  • 1972 - S.R. Maheshwari ( एस.आर. माहेश्वरी ) [1]
  • 1973 - Ishwar Dayal and others ( ईश्वर दयाल व अन्य ) [1]
  • 1974 - Indian Institute of Public Administration ( भारतीय लोक प्रशासन संस्थान ) [1]
  • 1975 - K. N. Kabra ( के.एन. काबरा ) [1]
  • 1976 - Sudipto Mundle ( सुदिप्तो मुंडले ) [1]
  • 1977 - V. Jagannadham ( वी. जगन्नाधम ) [1]
  • 1978 - Mohit Bhattacharya ( मोहित भट्टाचार्य ) [1]
  • 1979 - S. P. Verma ( एस. पी. वर्मा ) [1]
  • 1980 - Kuldeep Mathur ( कुलदीप माथुर ) [1]
  • 1981 - Kamta Prasad ( कामता प्रसाद ) [1]
  • 1982 - V. N. Rajan ( वी. एन. राजन ) [1]
  • 1983 - Shriram Maheshwari ( श्रीराम माहेश्वरी ) [1]
  • 1984 - Kuldeep Mathur ( कुलदीप माथुर ) [1]
  • 1985 - O. P. Minocha ( ओ. प. मिनोचा ) [1]
  • 1986 - S. N. Sadasivan ( एस.एन. सदासिवन ) [1]
  • 1987 - S. N. Mishra ( एस. एन. मिश्रा ) [1]
  • 1988 - Kamta Prasad ( कामता प्रसाद ) [1]
  • 1989 - D. D. Malhotra ( डी. डी. मल्होत्रा ) [1]
  • 1990 - K. N. Kabra ( के.एन. काबरा ) [1]
  • 1991 - S. S. Singh ( एस. एस. सिंह ) [1]
  • 1992 - R. K. Tiwari ( आर. के. तिवारी ) [1]
  • 1993 - Shanta Kohli Chandra ( शांता कोहली चन्द्र ) [1]
  • 1994 - Jaytilak Guha Roy ( जयतिलक गुहा रॉय ) [1]
  • 1995 - S. N. Mishra ( एस. एन. मिश्रा ) [1]
  • 1996 - O. P. Minocha ( ओ. प. मिनोचा ) [1]
  • 1997 - R. N. Thakur ( आर. एन. ठाकुर ) [1]
  • 1998 - M. C. Gupta ( एम. सी. गुप्ता ) [1]
  • 1999 - P. K. Chaubey ( पी.के. चौबे ) [1]
  • 2000 - Tushar Kanti Saha ( तुषार कांति साहा ) [1]
  • 2001 - Anil Sinha ( अनिल सिन्हा ) [1]
  • 2002 - K. N. Kabra ( के.एन. काबरा ) [1]
  • 2003 - Jaytilak Guha Roy ( जयतिलक गुहा रॉय ) [1]
  • 2004 - Jaytilak Guha Roy ( जयतिलक गुहा रॉय ) [1]
  • 2005 - Jaytilak Guha Roy ( जयतिलक गुहा रॉय ) [1]
  • 2006 - Jaytilak Guha Roy ( जयतिलक गुहा रॉय ) [1]
  • 2007 - Dolly Arora (डॉली अरोरा ) [1]
  • 2008 - Vinod K. Sharma ( विनोद के. शर्मा ) [1]
  • 2009 - Sujata Singh ( सुजाता सिंह ) [1]
  • 2010 - Sushma Yadav ( सुषमा यादव ) [1]
  • 2011 - V. N. Alok ( वी. एन. आलोक ) [1]
  • 2012 - K. K. Pandey ( के.के. पांडेय ) [1]
  • 2013 - Anil Chandy Ittyerah ( अनिल चंडी इटिटेराह ) [1]
  • 2014 - Dolly Arora ( डॉली अरोरा ) [1]
  • 2015 - Nand Dhameja ( नंद धमेजा ) [1]
  • 2016 - Suresh Misra ( सुरेश मिश्रा ) [1]
  • 2017 - Geethanjali Nataraj ( गीतांजलि नटराज ) [1]
  • 2018 - Charru Malhotra (चारु मल्होत्रा) [1]
  • 2019 - Sheela C. Reddy [3]
• Theses & Dissertations [1872]
  • 01 - 10 APPPA (1975/76 - 1984/85) [234]
    • 10th APPPA (1984-1985) [29]
    • 1st APPPA (1975-1976) [15]
    • 2nd APPPA (1976-1977) [12]
    • 3rd APPPA (1977-1978) [13]
    • 4th APPPA (1978-1979) [26]
    • 5th APPPA (1979-1980) [22]
    • 6th APPPA (1980-1981) [30]
    • 7th APPPA (1981-1982) [31]
    • 8th APPPA (1982-1983) [27]
    • 9th APPPA (1983-1984) [29]
  • 11 - 20 APPPA (1985/86 - 1994/95) [280]
    • 11th APPPA (1985-1986) [32]
    • 12th APPPA (1986-1987) [29]
    • 13th APPPA (1987-1988) [6]
    • 14th APPPA (1988-1989) [19]
    • 15th APPPA (1989-1990) [32]
    • 16th APPPA (1990-1991) [63]
    • 17th APPPA (1991-1992) [32]
    • 18th APPPA (1992-1993) [25]
    • 19th APPPA (1993-1994) [17]
    • 20th APPPA (1994-1995) [25]
  • 21 - 30 APPPA (1995/96 - 2004/05) [347]
    • 21st APPPA (1995-1996) [33]
    • 22nd APPPA (1996-1997) [30]
    • 23rd APPPA (1997-1998) [27]
    • 24th APPPA (1998-1999) [30]
    • 25th APPPA (1999-2000) [37]
    • 26th APPPA (2000-2001) [32]
    • 27th APPPA (2001-2002) [25]
    • 28th APPPA (2002-2003) [34]
    • 29th APPPA (2003-2004) [50]
    • 30th APPPA (2004-2005) [49]
  • 31 - 40 APPPA (2005/06 - 2014/15) [433]
    • 31st APPPA (2005-2006) [46]
    • 32nd APPPA (2006-2007) [41]
    • 33rd APPPA (2007-2008) [83]
    • 34th APPPA (2008-2009) [45]
    • 35th APPPA (2009-2010) [23]
    • 36th APPPA (2010-2011) [43]
    • 37th APPPA (2011-2012) [33]
    • 38th APPPA (2012-2013) [33]
    • 39th APPPA (2013-2014) [41]
    • 40th APPPA (2014-2015) [45]
  • 41 - 48 APPPA (2015/16 - 2022/23) [249]
    • 41st APPPA (2015-2016) [43]
    • 42nd APPPA (2016-2017) [47]
    • 43rd APPPA (2017-2018) [44]
    • 44th APPPA (2018-2019) [41]
    • 45th APPPA (2019-2020) [46]
    • 46th APPPA (2020-2021) [28]
  • Full Text Dissertations (2008/09-2024/25) [329]
    • 31st APPPA (2005-2006) [0]
    • 32nd APPPA (2006--2007) [2]
    • 33rd APPPA (2007-2008) [4]
    • 34th APPPA (2008-2009) Top Ten Dissertations [10]
    • 35th APPPA (2009-2010) Top Ten Dissertations [10]
    • 36th APPPA (2010-2011) Top Ten Dissertations [10]
    • 37th APPPA (2011-2012) Top Ten Dissertations [7]
    • 38th APPPA (2012-2013) Top Ten Dissertations [11]
    • 39th APPPA (2013-2014) Top Ten Dissertations [10]
    • 40th APPPA (2014-2015) Top Ten Dissertations [10]
    • 41st APPPA (2015-2016) Top Ten Dissertations [10]
    • 42nd APPPA (2016-2017) Top Ten Dissertations [11]
    • 43rd APPPA (2017-2018) Top Ten Dissertations [10]
    • 44th APPPA (2018-2019) [27]
    • 45th APPPA (2019-2020) [46]
    • 46th APPPA (2020-2021) [35]
    • 47th APPPA (2021-2022) [28]
    • 48th APPPA (2022-2023) [38]
    • 49th APPPA (2023-2024) [26]
    • 50th APPPA (2024-2025) [24]
• Training Programme Lectures [7]
  • Videos [7]
• Tribal Affairs [1]
  • Books [1]
    • Tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Island [1]
• Videos [29]
  • Cyber Security [1]
  • Development [1]
  • Disaster Management [1]
  • Dynamics of Public Administration [0]
  • Environment [1]
  • Gender Studies [1]
  • Human Resource Management [1]
  • International Relations [1]
  • Management [15]
  • Migration [1]
  • Operations Management [1]
  • Public Policy [1]
  • Research Methodology [1]
  • Sociology [1]
  • Tribal Studies [1]
  • Urban Studies [1]
• Untitled [0]
• Untitled [0]